Cervical, Whiplash - Medical Research Abstracts - Causation

20. AUTHOR	Radanov-B-P, Dvorak-J, Valach-L.
INSTITUTION	Psychiatrische Universitatspoliklinik Bern.
TITLE	(Psychological changes following whiplash injury of the cervical vertebrae). TT Psychische Veranderungen nach Schleuderverletzungen der Halswirbelsaule.
SOURCE	Schweiz-Med-Wochenschr 1989 Apr 29, VOL: 119 (17), P: 536-43, ISSN: 0036-7672.
ABSTRACT	To evaluate the frequently attributed psychogenic origin of symptoms following "whiplash" injury, 66 patients who had suffered such an injury underwent clinical and psychometric examination. Data were collected on subjective symptoms and their possible psychogenic origin and psychopathology. Personality profile, subjective well- being and cognitive impairment were evaluated. The amount of long- lasting psychopathological alterations was comparatively small. The results do not support the notion of a psychogenic origin for symptoms after "whiplash" injury; personality traits and psychopathology do not explain the nature of the complaints. Author.

21. AUTHOR	Maimaris-C, Barnes-M-R, Allen-M-J.
INSTITUTION	Accident and Emergency Department, Leicester Royal Infirmary.
TITLE	'Whiplash injuries' of the neck: a retrospective study.
SOURCE	Injury 1988 Nov, VOL: 19 (6), P: 393-6, ISSN: 0020-1383.
ABSTRACT	This is a retrospective study of 102 patients with whiplash injuries of the neck followed up at approximately 2 years. The results show that 67 patients were asymptomatic by this time and the remaining 35 patients still exhibited symptoms. Prognostic indicators were found to be age, occipital headaches, referred symptoms, interscapular pain, abnormal neurological signs, positive radiological findings and osteoarthritic changes of the cervical spine. Symptoms that persisted for more than 2 months indicated prolonged disability. Author.

22. AUTHOR	Keith-W-S.
INSTITUTION	Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada.
TITLE	"Whiplash"-injury of the 2nd cervical ganglion and nerve.
SOURCE	Can-J-Neurol-Sci 1986 May, VOL: 13 (2), P: 133-7, ISSN: 0317-1671.
ABSTRACT	Amongst the many patients with persisting neck pain and headache following cervical injuries are a small number in whom the mechanism is compression of the second cervical nerve root and ganglion. This paper describes the clinical features in 14 patients seen by the author. The main features are unilateral pain in the upper cervical and occipital region, tenderness in the suboccipital region, and diminished sensation in the C2 dermatome. The anatomical basis for this syndrome is discussed and illustrated with dissections from a cadaver. Author.

23. AUTHOR	Heckl-R-W, Baum-R.
INSTITUTION	Abteilung Akute und Allgemeine Neurologie, Rehabilitationskrankenhauses, Karlsbad.
TITLE	(Episodes of amnesia following whiplash injury to the cervical spine). TT Amnestische Episode nach Schleudertrauma der Halswirbelsaule.
SOURCE	Aktuelle-Traumatol 1984 Feb, VOL: 14 (1), P: 33-6, ISSN: 0044-6173.
ABSTRACT	A so-called conscious post-traumatic twilight state ("besonnener Dammerzustand") after a whiplash injury is described here, showing up its similarities with a classic post-traumatic conscious twilight state on the one hand and a classic transient global amnesia on the other hand. The term "conscious twilight state" is analysed and found inappropriate for the state it is meant to describe, and hence the term "post-traumatic transient global amnesia" is proposed instead. A post-traumatic transient global amnesia after whiplash injury is considered to be caused by a concussion. Author.

24. AUTHOR	Buhring-M.
INSTITUTION	Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat Zentrum der Inneren Medizin.
TITLE	(Reflex dystrophy following so-called whiplash injury of the cervical spine). TT Reflexdystrophie nach sogenanntem Schleudertrauma der HWS.
SOURCE	Z-Orthop 1984 May-Jun, VOL: 122 (3), P: 281-6, ISSN: 0044-3220.
ABSTRACT	In bad cases of whiplash injury of the cervical spine the post- accidental course is complicated by pain, vegetative dysfunctional syndromes and by psychic and psychiatric disorders over many years. There is no satisfactory concept to understand the pathophysiology of these processes. The paper deals with the possibility of a reflex dystrophy. Sympathetic reflex dystrophy syndromes are seen principally in patients with joint, tendon or vascular lesions. In case of whiplash injury, it would concern the cervical spine itself as well as visceral organs including the central nervous system. For the CNS the lymphostatic encephalopathy is a well defined entity. Above all, a reflex dystrophy develops on the basis of a special personality structure. In case of psychic and psychiatric complaints after whiplash injury patients with a so called Sudeck-personality should not be suspected to aggravate; in contrast, especially in these patients complications by reflex dystrophy are credible. Consequences for the assessment and for rehabilitation are discussed. Author.

25. AUTHOR	Saternus-K-S.
INSTITUTION	Institut fur Rechtsmedizin der Universitat Koln.
TITLE	(The mechanics of whiplash injury of the cervical spine (author's transl)). TT Zur Mechanik des Schleudertraumas der Halswirbelsaule.
SOURCE	Z-Rechtsmed 1982, VOL: 88 (1-2), P: 1-11, ISSN: 0044-3433.
ABSTRACT	Despite many attempts it has so far not been possible to establish a uniform application of the term "whiplash injury" either for diagnostics, therapy, or medical reports. To obtain a clear, functionally based definition, the most frequently used formulations are compared, taking into account anatomic and mechanical aspects in addition. Whiplash injury is separated from hyperextension injury ("snap" trauma of the cervical spine), even though overlaps in the lesion picture are possible. In the definition suggested, invariable linkage to rear-end collision is dispensed with. Instead, it is emphasized that this accident mechanism is frequent, but can also be substituted. In contrast to other definitions, special emphasis is laid on the biphasic course since a substantial traumatization is to be assumed to occur from the secondary movement. This second movement does not by any means proceed with low energy, but its determined by the mass contraction of the muscle group subject to primary abrupt overextension with their synergists. On the basis of the analysis of the mechanical course and the investigation of a actual accidents, the monosegmental cervical spine injury cannot, therefore, be seen as the characteristic type of damage due to a whiplash injury. Instead of this, the frequent occurrence of multiple injuries is pointed out. Author.

26. AUTHOR	Suter-J, Mumenthaler-M.
INSTITUTION	Neurologische Klinik Der Universitat Bern, Schweiz.
TITLE	(Criteria for determining whether to offer compensation in cases of whiplash injury to the spine (neck area). A study of cases in which compensation or cash settlement has been granted (author's transl)). TT Gutachterliche Aspekte bei Schleuderverletzungen der Halswirbelsaule. Eine Studie von Fallen, die eine Rente oder Kapitalabfindung erhielten.
SOURCE	Arch-Orthop-Unfallchir 1977 Dec 27, VOL: 90 (3), P: 325-42, ISSN: 0003-9330.
ABSTRACT	We compared two groups of patients with whplash injury. The first group of 17 patients received a life annuity or a cash settlement, whereas the second group, comprised of 84 people, received no compensation at all. This comparison revealed some considerable differences. However, with regard to statistically significant factors, the 2 groups differ only in neurological symptoms, giddiness, and degenerative changes revealed by X-ray. In the first group, 11 patients who received compensation showed two of the statistically significant factors; 5 patients showed one factor; and 1 showed none. The criteria which govern the granting of compensation are being discussed in detail on the basis of our own cases and the literature. It is an exception when permanent damage due to whiplash is accepted. In individual cases, however, continuous complaints and objective findings years after the trauma are justification for a moderate compensation. Author.

27. AUTHOR	Fischer-D, Palleske-H.
INSTITUTION	Neurochirurgischen Klinik Der Universitat Des Saarlandes Homburg /Saar.
TITLE	(EEG after so-called whiplash injury of cervical vertebral column (cervicocephalic acceleration trauma)). TT Das EEG nach der sogenannten Schleuderverletzung der Halswirbelsaule (zerviko-zephales Beschleunigungstrauma).
SOURCE	Zentralbl-Neurochir 1976, VOL: 37 (1), P: 25-35, ISSN: 0044-4251.
ABSTRACT	The results of electroencephalographic examinations made on four groups of patients are compared. These groups include 80 patients with cervicocephalic syndromes due to flinging injuries to the cervical vertebral column, 80 patients with postconcussive syndromes, and 39 patients whose anamneses suggested conditions resulting from the two kinds of injury referred to above. A fourth group of 40 patients with nontraumatic spondylosis deformans cervicalis is compared with the first three groups of patients. The rate (49 percent, 52 percent, and 54 percent), kind, and distribution of electroencephalographically determined abnormalities are in agreement with those obtained for the first three groups. For patients with nontraumatic cervicocephalic syndromes the rate of general alterations determined from records obtained by means of the electroencephalograph is equal to the occurrence of constitutional EEG variants, the rate being of the order of 10 percent. EEG alterations observed in the case of flinging traumata are considered to de due to acceleration injuries to the cranial contents. Author.

28. AUTHOR	Wiesner-H, Mumenthaler-M.
TITLE	(Whiplash injuries of the cervical spine. A catamnestic study). TT Schleuderverletzungen der Halswirbelsaule. Eine katamnestische Studie.
SOURCE	Arch-Orthop-Unfallchir 1975, VOL: 81 (1), P: 13-36, ISSN: 0003-9330.
ABSTRACT	Whiplash injuries of the cervical spine are due to the rapid sequence of movements in opposite direction. They are mainly following rear- end collisions where the trunk is pushed rapidly forward. Very important forces act therefore on the different segments of the cervical spine and lead to lesions of the perispinal soft tissues, of the ligaments, of the disks and the bony structures. In 24 tables, the signs and symptoms in 104 personal cases observed for a period which lasted more than 4 years are described. Amongst the clinical signs there are cervical strain, cervico brachial pain, headaches, radicular signs as well as symptoms of concussion and cercial medullar lesion. Radiological findings are discrete; functional X- rays sometimes show local diminution of motility in a single segment. The treatments, amongst these immobilisation and local heat, are discussed. The unusually long duration of local disturbance is stressed. Signs of neurasthenia are part of the typical findings and do not at all mean a secondary neurotic development. Author.

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